This list will be updated and links added on an ongoing basis
- False Dichotomy – presenting only two options when more exist
- Appeal to Authority – citing authority instead of evidence
- Appeal to Emotion – using feelings in place of facts
- Ad Hominem – attacking the person instead of the claim
- Strawman – misrepresenting an argument to make it weaker
- Red Herring – diverting attention to an irrelevant issue
- Circular Reasoning – the conclusion is used as its own evidence
- Correlation = Causation – assuming cause from correlation
- Cherry Picking – selecting only data that supports a claim
- Confirmation Bias – interpreting information to match belief
- Moving the Goalposts – changing standards after proof is shown
- Unfalsifiable Claim – cannot be tested or proven false
- Anecdotal Evidence – personal story replacing data
- Survivorship Bias – focusing on winners, ignoring failures
- Statistical Misrepresentation – misleading use of numbers
- Loaded Language – emotionally-charged wording to sway opinion
- False Equivalence – comparing two unrelated things as equal
- Ambiguity – using vague wording to avoid precision
- Non Sequitur – conclusion doesn’t follow the premises
- Appeal to Popularity – “many believe it” therefore true
- Appeal to Tradition – “it’s always been done this way”
- Appeal to Novelty – new = better without evidence
- Shifting Burden of Proof – demanding others disprove your claim
- Overgeneralization – broad conclusions from small samples
- Slippery Slope – claiming small step leads to extreme outcome
- Inconsistent Standards – applying different rules per case
- Unsupported Assertion – claim without evidence
- Pseudo-Technical Language – jargon without real meaning
- Motivated Reasoning – conclusion decided before evidence
- Gaslighting – denying observable reality to confuse
- False Precision – over-detailed numbers to imply accuracy
- Selective Omission – leaving out relevant context
- Hidden Premise – unstated assumption required for argument
- Conflicting Claims – contradicting statements in same argument
- Appeal to Fear – using threat to secure compliance
- Appeal to Hope – promising unrealistic positive outcomes
- Immunity to Correction – no evidence can change the claim
- Overreliance on Analogies – analogy replaces actual proof
- Appeal to Personal Experience – “I saw it, so it’s true”
- False Urgency – artificial time pressure
- Complexity Illusion – sounding complicated to appear correct
- Appeal to Conspiracy – lack of proof explained by cover-up
- Emotional Blackmail – guilt or shame used instead of logic
- Framing Bias – meaning changes by how info is presented
- Unreplicable Results – results cannot be reproduced
- Overconfidence Bias – certainty without justification
- Pattern Seeking Error – seeing patterns in randomness
- Appeal to Nature – natural = good or true
- Appeal to Science (without science) – invoking science without data
- Source Opacity – unclear or untraceable origin of information
- Fake Consensus – illusion of widespread agreement
- No Operational Definition – undefined key terms
- Incentive Conflict – speaker benefits directly from belief
- False Baseline – incorrect starting reference point
- Out-of-Context Quote – altering meaning by cropping context
- Authority Borrowing – adjacent credential used to validate unrelated claim
- Illusory Truth Effect – repeated claim becomes believable
- Data Dredging – searching data to find any supporting pattern
- Technical Name Fallacy – labeling makes it seem real
- One-Way Transparency – you must be open, they won’t
- Inconsistent Timeline – events don’t line up chronologically
- Appeal to Ignorance – claims true because not disproved
- Reframing After Failure – redefining success after loss
- Social Proof Manipulation – fake or inflated endorsements
- Authority Without Accountability – no review or oversight
- False Modesty – downplaying status while implying superiority
- Quantifier Abuse – words like “always,” “never,” “everyone”
- Scale Manipulation – changing units to obscure meaning
- Visual Misrepresentation – misleading charts or visuals
- Reality Drift – subtle story changes over time
- Outcome Bias – judging outcomes over methods
- Reverse Victimhood – attacker frames themselves as victim
- Narrative Substitution – story replacing data
- Appeal to Scarcity – limited supply to push decision
- Implied Consensus – “experts agree” without naming any
- Logic Stack Gaps – missing steps in reasoning
- Authority Masquerade – fake credentials or institutions
- Overfitting – theory explains everything perfectly (too perfectly)
- Social Pressure – “smart people agree with me”
- Platform Abuse – using reach as proof of truth